Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

植保无人机旋翼风场模型与雾滴运动机理研究进展

近几年，植保无人机施药技术在中国获得广泛应用，并逐渐发展为国内主要植保技术之一。但由于对植保无人机施药技术基础理论研究不够深入，相关机理尚不明晰，且植保无人机作业平台的稳定性依然有待提高，导致国内植保无人机施药效果不够理想。深入研究植保无人机施药技术的基础理论，理论结合试验结果共同指导植保无人机田间施药是提高其施药效果的经典方法。该研究综述了植保无人机旋翼风场分布特性、雾滴与无人机旋翼风场交互机理、雾滴沉降与飘移机理、雾滴与叶片表面的交互机理及雾滴分散和蒸发特性等植保无人机施药技术基础理论及其模型构建情况的国内外研究现状，并结合其基础理论与模型构建的国内外研究现状，给出植保无人机施药技术的未来发展建议，以期为植保无人机施药技术的发展提供参考。     

蔬菜移栽机斜插夹钵式取投苗装置研制

针对目前中国蔬菜穴盘苗全自动移栽作业,取投苗装置复杂、易失败等问题,该文设计了一种斜插夹钵式取投苗装置。通过对取投苗装置原理的分析,运用投影法对装置进行设计,确定了装置各结构参数。为保证装置具有良好的取投苗效果,对苗盘倾斜角度及苗夹入穴参数进行了设计,同时分析其运动过程,对比仿真轨迹曲线和试验实际轨迹曲线,验证了方案的可行性。综合考虑影响取投苗效果的因素,以取投苗成功率作为取投苗效果评价指标,选取弹簧刚度系数、主动杆转速、苗盘倾斜角度为试验因素,进行正交试验。试验结果表明:在给定因素水平下,当弹簧刚度系数为500 N/m,主动杆转速为12 r/min,苗盘倾斜角度为45°时,取投苗效果最佳,此时基质破碎率为3.13%,钵苗脱落率为2.43%,取投苗成功率为94.44%,装置的可靠性较高。研究结果可为全自动化移栽研究提供参考。     

菌根化育苗对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

【目的】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)侵染作物根系形成菌根共生体系对于作物吸收磷具有重要作用,但该结果大多来源于室内受控试验,有限的田间试验因环境条件、试验材料与接种技术等差异致使AMF菌剂应用效果不一。本研究通过玉米菌根化育苗和田间移栽,分析了接种AMF对玉米生长、养分吸收、籽粒产量及养分含量的影响,以期推进菌根技术的实际生产应用。【方法】以自交品系玉米B73为供试作物,于2018年5月至10月在北京市延庆区进行了田间试验。田间小区设置基施磷(+P)和不施磷(–P)处理。供试AMF为Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck&Smith BGC AH01。玉米种子催芽后,分别播入加入AMF菌剂(+M)和菌剂过滤液(–M)的育苗钵内,培养两周后移栽至田间。玉米在田间条件下生长至拔节期时,使用便携式光合仪测定叶片光合速率与气孔导度,取样测定地上部与根部干重和养分元素含量,同时测定菌根侵染率;在玉米完熟期取样,测定籽粒百粒重、籽粒产量及养分含量。【结果】无论田间施磷与否,接菌植株根系的菌根侵染强度和丛枝丰度均显著高于不接菌植株。不施磷情况下,+M处理显著提高了玉米根系干重,玉米生长的菌根依赖性(163.7%)显著高于施磷情形(124.1%)。–P–M处理玉米叶片的光合速率和气孔导度显著低于其他3个处理。–P+M处理玉米叶片的光合参数、玉米地上部和根部磷含量与+P+M均无显著差异。与–P–M处理相比,–P+M显著提高了玉米籽粒产量和百粒重,同时也提高了籽粒中锌、锰、镁等矿质养分的含量,且与+P+M处理相比均无显著差异。【结论】玉米幼苗接种AMF后再移栽到田间,可以显著提高拔节期玉米根系的菌根侵染率,促进玉米地上部和根部对磷及锌、锰和镁的吸收,进而促进玉米的生长,提高籽粒产量和养分含量。本试验条件下,菌根化育苗可以达到与施磷同样的效果,在保障作物不减产的前提下减少磷肥施用量。     

Intensive organic vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated management

Intensive vegetable production in greenhouses has rapidly expanded in China since the 1990s and increased to 1.3 million ha of farmland by 2016, which is the highest in the world. We conducted an 11‐year greenhouse vegetable production experiment from 2002 to 2013 to observe soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under three management systems, i.e., conventional (CON), integrated (ING), and intensive organic (ORG) farming. Soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) were collected in 2002 and 2013 and separated into four particle‐size fractions, i.e., coarse sand (> 250 µm), fine sand (250–53 µm), silt (53–2 µm), and clay (< 2 µm). The SOC contents and δ¹³C values of the whole soil and the four particle‐size fractions were analyzed. After 11 years of vegetable farming, ORG and ING significantly increased SOC stocks (0–20 cm) by 4008 ± 36.6 and 2880 ± 365 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, 8.1‐ and 5.8‐times that of CON (494 ± 42.6 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). The SOC stock increase in ORG at 20–40 cm depth was 245 ± 66.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, significantly higher than in ING (66 ± 13.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and CON (109 ± 44.8 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Analyses of ¹³C revealed a significant increase in newly produced SOC in both soil layers in ORG. However, the carbon conversion efficiency (CE: increased organic carbon in soil divided by organic carbon input) was lower in ORG (14.4%–21.7%) than in ING (18.2%–27.4%). Among the four particle‐sizes in the 0–20 cm layer, the silt fraction exhibited the largest proportion of increase in SOC content (57.8% and 55.4% of the SOC increase in ORG and ING, respectively). A similar trend was detected in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Over all, intensive organic (ORG) vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated (ING) management.     

System for quasi‐continuous simultaneous measurement of oxygen diffusion rate and redox potential in soil

Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and redox potential (E_H) are quantitative indices representing oxygen availability and redox status in soils, which is valuable information for better understanding causes and effects of soil aeration. Because these indices are spatially and temporally highly variable, continuous measurements and adequate numbers of repetitions are essential for accurate in situ monitoring. Here, we present a new, fully automated recording system for in situ measurements where ODR and E_H are measured at the same platinum electrode. The conflict between electrode polarization for ODR and the resulting biased E_H readings is solved by reducing the polarization time and introducing a recovery interval between two consecutive measurement cycles. The shorter polarization time ensures accurate E_H readings. It also results in moderately overestimated ODR readings, but this can be corrected before data analysis. The recovery interval restricts temporal resolution of the E_H‐ODR data pairs to 8 h. We illustrate the use of the system with measurements in a field experiment in Zürich, Switzerland. ODR curves at different depths ran roughly parallel to the corresponding curves of O₂ concentration in soil air but ODR was much more sensitive to precipitation. Low ODR was a necessary but not a sufficient condition for declining E_H. E_H ran parallel to O₂ concentration in soil air rather than to ODR. The fully automated system allows for time series of replicate measurements in multifactorial field studies with reasonable labor requirements. It may be particularly suitable for studies examining the effects of soil tillage, compaction, and irrigation, where structure‐related soil properties such as porosity, gas permeability, and soil aeration play a dominant role.     

基于电磁感应仪数据的南疆棉田土壤电导率反演模型研究

土壤盐渍化是南疆棉田优质高产的主要障碍因素,定额灌溉可有效改良土壤盐渍化,EM38-MK2可快速、动态获取土壤盐渍化数据,适时监测土壤盐渍化,为棉田定额灌溉提供数字依据。针对电磁感应仪(EM38-MK2)的发射圈和接收圈设计了不同采样方案,在同一条田内采集了6个不同时期的土壤表观电导率数据及相应的剖面土样,分析了不同土壤采集方案及土壤含水量对表观电导率模型精度的影响,对比了以单一时期数据建模的局部模型和6个时期整体数据建模的全局模型的反演精度。结果表明,由单点采集电磁感应仪发射线圈位置土样所构建的模型精度更高,稳定性更好,能有效减少由采样带来的误差。当土壤含水量低于10%时,表观电导率与实测电导率之间的相关性较低,决定系数为0.58,反演模型只具备粗略估计实测电导率的能力;当土壤含水量高于10%时,表观电导率与实测电导率具有很好的相关性,决定系数达到0.80以上,反演模型具有较好的预测能力。EMH+EMV多测定模式下表观电导率与实测电导率之间的模型精度高于EMH或EMV单一测定模式,确立EC_(h0.375)+(EC_(h0.75)+EC_(v0.75))/2+EC_(v1.5)为建模因子,有效提高了反演模型的精度。不同深度土层的局部模型反演精度均高于全局模型精度,局部模型的RPD均大于2.0,具有较好的预测能力。     

油料作物油脂合成调控研究进展

植物油脂不仅是人类可食用油的主要来源,也是人类生产生活中重要的可再生原料。本文概述了植物油脂的生物合成途径,从母体效应、QTL、GWAS等多个方面总结了油料作物油脂合成的遗传学研究进展,同时探讨了已知的油脂合成调控相关基因的功能。本文综述了该领域的研究现状,为深入了解油料作物油脂合成调控网络提供了参考,也为油料作物的分子改良和遗传育种提供了理论基础。     

围垦对滨海稻田土壤N2O还原潜力的影响

稻田湿地生态系统的N₂O还原消耗潜力对缓解大气温室气体效应具有重要意义，而滨海自然湿地围垦改造成稻田后耕层土壤的N₂O还原速率及其微生物机制却鲜有报道。选取崇明岛光滩湿地为对照（WK0），比较研究不同围垦年限（19、27、51、86 a）的围垦区稻田耕作层土壤N₂O还原速率演替规律及其微生物数量变异特征。结果表明，土壤总有机碳含量（TOC）随围垦年限增长而显著增加，而土壤pH值、SO₄^2-浓度和EC值则均随围垦年限增长而呈逐渐下降趋势。土壤N₂O还原速率随围垦年限增长而显著增加，其中围垦86 a稻田土壤达到25.5 μg N₂O·g^-1·d^-1，与光滩湿地相比增加了58.4%。定量PCR结果发现，功能基因nosZ Ⅰ和nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数也随着围垦年限增长而显著增加，其中围垦86 a的稻田土壤功能基因分别为1.72×10⁸ copies·g^-1和4.36×10⁸ copies· g^-1，比光滩湿地稻田高出一个数量级。相关性分析发现土壤N₂O还原速率与功能基因nosZ Ⅰ拷贝数呈显著正相关，而功能基因nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数随围垦年限的增加率远高于功能基因nosZ Ⅰ；N₂O还原速率、功能基因nosZ Ⅰ、nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数与3个土壤理化指标（pH、EC、SO₄^2-）均呈负相关。因此，围垦造田促进了滨海湿地土壤N₂O还原过程，而功能基因nosZ Ⅰ数量的大幅增加是N₂O还原速率增加的重要原因。     

Cd污染农田的炭基修复方案设计和效果评价

为了解不同Cd污染农田土壤上炭基改良剂的治理效果，运用土壤医生理念，针对广东省韶关和云浮3个重金属Cd污染状况和土壤理化性质不同的区域农田分别设计了3种以生物炭为主要原料，搭配石灰、有机肥等不同辅料的3种生物炭基土壤改良剂，并进行了大田应用试验，同时归纳总结设计原则，评价设计的3种改良剂对Cd污染农田的治理效果。结果表明：在3个区域施用的改良剂均不会降低作物的产量，在Cd污染严重的酸性土壤上有显著增产的效果（增产效果达到383.03%）；同时施加3种不同配方的炭基改良剂均可以有效降低作物可食用部位的Cd含量，分别是对照的33.33%、46.88%和42.86%，使3个试验区的农产品可食用部分Cd含量均达到国家标准；施用炭基改良剂，可有效降低土壤中酸溶态Cd的含量，尤其是在酸性较强、Cd污染程度高的土壤中，能够将土壤中活性和生物可利用形态的Cd含量降低18.28%。综上所述，根据土壤理化性质、污染程度和修复目的来针对性设计以生物炭为基础的炭基改良剂可以保障作物产量，提高作物品质，实现对南方Cd污染土壤的改良。